For a company’s main business activities, income and expenses arising during a specific period of time are classified into three categories (from an accounting perspective): operating, investing and financing. Income/ expenses arising from operating activities are those relating a company’s main business activities or core business).

Income/ expenses arising from investing include those related to 1) investments in associates, joint ventures and unconsolidated subsidiaries, 2) cash and cash equivalents and 3) assets that generate a return either individually or independently to a great extent.

Income/ expenses arising from financing comprise 1) income/ expenses from liabilities created for purposes of financing only (such as interest expense on obtained loans) and 2) income/ expenses from other liabilities (liabilities arising from certain contracts/ obligations such as lease liabilities) and changes in interest rates on this category of liabilities.